1. 一切后果 由你承担
由你承担一切责任
所有的事情都烂在你手里
all responsibilities will lie on your hands一切责任由你们承担
all consequences will lie on your hands 一切后果由你们承担
2. with every fiber of my being 的其他表示方法
Without a shadow of doubt
With every sinew of my anatomy
from the bottom of my soul
to the core of my being
with every ounce of my being
with every beat of my heart
with every breath I take
精彩演说欣赏:
“‘The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away.’”
“Words I did not fully understand until our daughter was taken from us three days ago. But now we can rejoice and be glad, for that which was lost has been found. That my child is back in her mother’s arms is serendipity and grace; a second chance that will not slip through our hands again. I wish I could tell you there’s some new policy, some new weapons system – a silver bullet, perhaps – that could meet this moment; that could keep us safe from the terror that’s now among us. But if I were to say that, I’d be lying. All I can promise is that I will fight with every fiber of my being, every weapon in our our arsenal, and with every ounce of God’s grace...”
“神给予我们的，亦可夺走”
"这句话直到三天前我的女儿被从我们身边夺走时，我才理解它的含义。现在我们又充满了欢愉的心情，因为找回了我们所失去的。
我希望我能够告诉你们能够配合现在的这个气氛发表的：一些新的施政策略，一些新的武器系统--- 或者说， 解决一切的银弹，能够保护我们免于受到恐怖主义的侵害。但是如果我那样说的话，显然是谎言。我所能够承诺的就是，我将尽我的全部力量， 用尽我们武库中的一切武器，祈求神所能够给我们一切恩惠，来保证美利坚合众国公民的安全，幸福，繁荣。"
-- Script of The West Wing, The Dogs of War
2009年2月27日星期五
RX Insert Installation Instructions ESS goggle
以上是 ESS goggle 的镜片架在
1. ESS ICE eyesheild system
2. ESS Profile NVG Goggle
两种系统上的安装指导
2009年2月25日星期三
ILBE Family
Family of ILBE
1 Standard ILBE Pack System
4500 cubic inch main pack
1500 cubic inch assault pack
100 ounce hydration system
2 Reconnaissance ILBE System
5500 cubic inch recon main pack
2300 cubic inch recon assault pack
two 500 cubic inch external pouches
100 ounce hydration system
3 Corpsman Assault Pack (CAP)
A medical bag version of the assaoult pack to replace the MOLLE medical bag
Customized inserts for medical supplies
4 Assault Load Carrier (ALC)
5 Pouches
M16/M4 Speed Reload Magazine Pouch
M16/M4 Single/Double Magazine Pouch
9mm 15 Round Magazine Pouch
40mm Grenade Pouch
Pop-up Flare Pouch
M67 Grenade Pouch
12 Gauge Shotgun Shell Pouch
Multi Grenade Pouch
Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)/Utility Pouch
Dump Pouch
Detachable PALS Platform Chest Rig
6 Individual Water Purification System (IWPS)
1 Standard ILBE Pack System
4500 cubic inch main pack
1500 cubic inch assault pack
100 ounce hydration system
2 Reconnaissance ILBE System
5500 cubic inch recon main pack
2300 cubic inch recon assault pack
two 500 cubic inch external pouches
100 ounce hydration system
3 Corpsman Assault Pack (CAP)
A medical bag version of the assaoult pack to replace the MOLLE medical bag
Customized inserts for medical supplies
4 Assault Load Carrier (ALC)
5 Pouches
M16/M4 Speed Reload Magazine Pouch
M16/M4 Single/Double Magazine Pouch
9mm 15 Round Magazine Pouch
40mm Grenade Pouch
Pop-up Flare Pouch
M67 Grenade Pouch
12 Gauge Shotgun Shell Pouch
Multi Grenade Pouch
Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)/Utility Pouch
Dump Pouch
Detachable PALS Platform Chest Rig
6 Individual Water Purification System (IWPS)
2009年2月18日星期三
svn 迁移服务器
1.在源主机上，执行
svnadmin dump resp_path > dumpfile
将一个仓库导出成一个文件这时候可以看到一个版本一个版本的导出过程。
2. 复制dumpfile复制到目标主机上，执行
svnadmin load resp_path< dumpfile
可以导入了，前提是在目标主机上建立 resp_path 的仓库目录
不过在windows上可以在总的resp目录下建立几个二级目录，然后在二级目录下面再增加仓库目录，这样也是可以正常使用的。但是在Linux上不行，仓库目录必须放在resp的一级目录下面。另外，这个导入导出过程不能批量，只能一个项目一个项目的做。
svnadmin dump resp_path > dumpfile
将一个仓库导出成一个文件这时候可以看到一个版本一个版本的导出过程。
2. 复制dumpfile复制到目标主机上，执行
svnadmin load resp_path
可以导入了，前提是在目标主机上建立 resp_path 的仓库目录
不过在windows上可以在总的resp目录下建立几个二级目录，然后在二级目录下面再增加仓库目录，这样也是可以正常使用的。但是在Linux上不行，仓库目录必须放在resp的一级目录下面。另外，这个导入导出过程不能批量，只能一个项目一个项目的做。
High wires 新闻专线：在钢丝上独自起舞
News agencies
新闻机构
High wires 新闻专线：在钢丝上独自起舞
Feb 12th 2009
From The Economist print edition
With newspapers in crisis, newswires may learn to live without them
眼见报业岌岌可危，新闻专线或将另起炉灶。
WHERE does news come from? The answer, much of the time, is from newswires. Many of the stories in newspapers, on television, radio and online are based on dispatches filed by the big news agencies. The biggest international newswires, Associated Press (AP) and Reuters, date back to the expansion of the telegraph in the mid-19th century, when rapid newsgathering first became possible. The agencies have usually been wholesalers of news; newspapers, broadcasters and websites act as retailers, repackaging and selling news to consumers alongside material generated in-house.
新闻从哪儿来？新闻从新闻专线来（少数情况除外）。大型新闻机构的快讯被编辑加以描绘，登上报纸网页，放进电视电台，就成了林林总总的新闻故事。十九世纪中叶，随着电报业的迅速发展，人们首次具有了迅速搜集新闻材料的能力, 如今最具规模的国际新闻专线美联社和路透社就在那时侯应运而生。将新闻一股脑儿打包出售是惯常做法，报纸网站和广播则如同零售商，把店面设在总部周围，兜售重新组合后的各式新闻。
Some, such as AP (a co-operative owned by its subscribers) and the state-backed French News Agency (AFP), have stuck to that model. But Reuters, like the Dow Jones newswire (which grew out of the Wall Street Journal), has developed a huge business providing information to financial-services firms, for which rapid, accurate news is highly valuable. A more recent arrival, Bloomberg, started out as a provider of such information but has turned into a news agency as well, creating a worldwide network of bureaus and syndicating stories to newspapers.
长久以来，这种“批发加零售”的运营模式一直为某些机构沿袭至今，例如美联社（订购者享有的合作公司）和法新社（政府新闻机构），但路透社和道琼斯新闻专线却已另起炉灶，开发了一笔大买卖——为金融服务公司提供第一手的准确消息。彭博社也是最近以这种“信息供应商”的身份入行、随后发展成新闻机构的例子。如今，彭博社的分支机构遍布世界各地，统一把快讯卖给报社。
The financial crisis is taking a terrible toll on both financial-services firms and newspapers, so you might expect the news agencies that serve them to be in trouble too. Not so. Christoph Pleitgen, a senior Reuters executive, says the big newswires have been staffing up in the past year. The Journal’s owner, News Corp, announced job cuts at the newspaper earlier this month, but said that the Dow Jones newswire was adding journalists at its bureaus, especially in India. Likewise, Bloomberg’s recent announcement of around 190 job cuts at a foreign-language television venture got more attention than its promise to create 1,000 jobs elsewhere, including in its news bureaus. And CNN, a television-news network, plans to set up a new international agency to rival AP and Reuters.
你可能会觉得，既然报业和金融服务公司一样，在这次金融危机中受伤惨重，那么为报纸提供素材的新闻机构也该举步维艰才是。其实不然。路透社高级执行主管克里斯托夫•普雷根称，各大新闻专线去年一直在增添人手。本月早些时候，美国新闻集团（华尔街日报所在公司）公布了旗下报纸裁员的消息，但也透露道琼斯新闻专线正招募记者，尤其是驻印记者。近日，彭博社也宣布某外语频道的岗位将削减190个。消息一出，人们的注意力都被吸引到裁员上，没怎么注意到她还承诺要在别处——包括往新设的新闻机构新增1000份工作。还有美国有线新闻网，计划成立一家国际新闻机构来与法新社和路透社抗衡。
A few struggling newspaper groups have stopped subscribing to newswires. Many others, having cut their own newsrooms, have become more dependent than ever on regurgitating agency copy. The proliferation of news websites, hungry for content, but lacking staff to produce it themselves, has also boosted the agencies. Last year printed newspapers contributed only 25% of AP’s revenues, says its boss, Tom Curley, down from 55% in 1985. Mr Pleitgen says that in developing regions, such as the Gulf, new television stations, websites and even newspapers are springing up, compensating for the newswires’ loss of customers elsewhere.
在当前的大环境下，一些新闻集团难以为继，便中断了新闻专线的服务，但更多的则比以往任何时候都需要原封不动的专线快讯，因为这些集团已经削掉了编辑室，无从加工。另外，新闻机构能在逆境中蓬勃发展，还得益于铺天盖地的网站——既急需板面，又不能杜撰，只好大量购买快讯。美联社总裁汤姆•克里称，去年美联社纸质报纸的销量仅占总额的25%，较1985年下降30%。普雷根先生也说，在波斯湾这样的发展中区域，新电视台、网站、乃至报业大楼竞相拔地而起，足以弥补他们在别处的损失。
But if newswires are thriving and newspapers are making ever more use of wire copy, why don’t the wire services supply news direct to the consumer? The risk that newspapers will be disintermediated is noted in a new report by, of all people, the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. In some ways, it is already happening. Reuters and Bloomberg offer their top stories direct to consumers on advertising-financed websites.
但是，如果报纸里原封不动的快讯越来越多，新闻专线也蒸蒸日上，何不把快讯直接出售给读者？人们对此议论纷纷。其中，牛津大学路透新闻学研究所的报告提出了报纸被架空的可能。从某种程度上，这正变为现实。通过登陆某些靠广告盈利的网站，读者已经可以直接浏览路透社和彭博社的头条新闻。
And as more people consume news via smart-phones and other mobile devices, the newswires are providing it there, too. Norman Pearlstine, a senior Bloomberg executive, says the firm’s application for the Apple iPhone has been downloaded over a million times. Its service is free “for now”. AP, which is owned by its main subscribers, is treading carefully: it has struck deals with 1,200 American newspapers to create mobile websites, for which AP provides national and international news and they provide local news.
注意到越来越多的小灵通和其他移动设备正被用来阅读新闻，新闻专线也把触角伸向了那里。彭博社的高级执行主管诺曼•佩尔斯坦称，为阅读他们的新闻而下载苹果iPhone手机应用程序的人数已超过一百万次，且手机报是“暂时”免费的。美联社这一步则迈得比较谨慎，因为她的客户都是付费用户：在与1200家美国报社的协议下，双方将成立移动网站，美联社负责国内外新闻，报社提供当地消息。
Nobody yet knows which business model, if any, will work for mobile news. Mr Pearlstine notes that mobile users happily pay for a new ringtone, so why not for news? It is unclear how good news agencies will be at marketing direct to consumers. But as they continue building their worldwide news bureaus and providing more comprehensive coverage, they may be more likely to survive in the long term than those newspapers which, through constant rounds of cuts, risk becoming ever less distinctive.
不过，移动新闻这个商业模式究竟该怎么走，走不走得通，眼下还不甚明朗。佩尔斯坦先生指出，既然付费铃声能让移动用户买得心甘情愿，为什么新闻不能？即便我们不知道新闻机构的这种“直销”方式能创下多大业绩，但只要继续扩张世界各地的新闻网点、提供更加全面的报道，从长远看来，新闻机构就有可能挺过一波又一波的裁员之痛存活下来。至于那些报社，则可能慢慢淡出人们的视线，消失殆尽。
译者：hunt.lee1987 http://www.ecocn.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=17219&extra=page%3D1
新闻机构
High wires 新闻专线：在钢丝上独自起舞
Feb 12th 2009
From The Economist print edition
With newspapers in crisis, newswires may learn to live without them
眼见报业岌岌可危，新闻专线或将另起炉灶。
WHERE does news come from? The answer, much of the time, is from newswires. Many of the stories in newspapers, on television, radio and online are based on dispatches filed by the big news agencies. The biggest international newswires, Associated Press (AP) and Reuters, date back to the expansion of the telegraph in the mid-19th century, when rapid newsgathering first became possible. The agencies have usually been wholesalers of news; newspapers, broadcasters and websites act as retailers, repackaging and selling news to consumers alongside material generated in-house.
新闻从哪儿来？新闻从新闻专线来（少数情况除外）。大型新闻机构的快讯被编辑加以描绘，登上报纸网页，放进电视电台，就成了林林总总的新闻故事。十九世纪中叶，随着电报业的迅速发展，人们首次具有了迅速搜集新闻材料的能力, 如今最具规模的国际新闻专线美联社和路透社就在那时侯应运而生。将新闻一股脑儿打包出售是惯常做法，报纸网站和广播则如同零售商，把店面设在总部周围，兜售重新组合后的各式新闻。
Some, such as AP (a co-operative owned by its subscribers) and the state-backed French News Agency (AFP), have stuck to that model. But Reuters, like the Dow Jones newswire (which grew out of the Wall Street Journal), has developed a huge business providing information to financial-services firms, for which rapid, accurate news is highly valuable. A more recent arrival, Bloomberg, started out as a provider of such information but has turned into a news agency as well, creating a worldwide network of bureaus and syndicating stories to newspapers.
长久以来，这种“批发加零售”的运营模式一直为某些机构沿袭至今，例如美联社（订购者享有的合作公司）和法新社（政府新闻机构），但路透社和道琼斯新闻专线却已另起炉灶，开发了一笔大买卖——为金融服务公司提供第一手的准确消息。彭博社也是最近以这种“信息供应商”的身份入行、随后发展成新闻机构的例子。如今，彭博社的分支机构遍布世界各地，统一把快讯卖给报社。
The financial crisis is taking a terrible toll on both financial-services firms and newspapers, so you might expect the news agencies that serve them to be in trouble too. Not so. Christoph Pleitgen, a senior Reuters executive, says the big newswires have been staffing up in the past year. The Journal’s owner, News Corp, announced job cuts at the newspaper earlier this month, but said that the Dow Jones newswire was adding journalists at its bureaus, especially in India. Likewise, Bloomberg’s recent announcement of around 190 job cuts at a foreign-language television venture got more attention than its promise to create 1,000 jobs elsewhere, including in its news bureaus. And CNN, a television-news network, plans to set up a new international agency to rival AP and Reuters.
你可能会觉得，既然报业和金融服务公司一样，在这次金融危机中受伤惨重，那么为报纸提供素材的新闻机构也该举步维艰才是。其实不然。路透社高级执行主管克里斯托夫•普雷根称，各大新闻专线去年一直在增添人手。本月早些时候，美国新闻集团（华尔街日报所在公司）公布了旗下报纸裁员的消息，但也透露道琼斯新闻专线正招募记者，尤其是驻印记者。近日，彭博社也宣布某外语频道的岗位将削减190个。消息一出，人们的注意力都被吸引到裁员上，没怎么注意到她还承诺要在别处——包括往新设的新闻机构新增1000份工作。还有美国有线新闻网，计划成立一家国际新闻机构来与法新社和路透社抗衡。
A few struggling newspaper groups have stopped subscribing to newswires. Many others, having cut their own newsrooms, have become more dependent than ever on regurgitating agency copy. The proliferation of news websites, hungry for content, but lacking staff to produce it themselves, has also boosted the agencies. Last year printed newspapers contributed only 25% of AP’s revenues, says its boss, Tom Curley, down from 55% in 1985. Mr Pleitgen says that in developing regions, such as the Gulf, new television stations, websites and even newspapers are springing up, compensating for the newswires’ loss of customers elsewhere.
在当前的大环境下，一些新闻集团难以为继，便中断了新闻专线的服务，但更多的则比以往任何时候都需要原封不动的专线快讯，因为这些集团已经削掉了编辑室，无从加工。另外，新闻机构能在逆境中蓬勃发展，还得益于铺天盖地的网站——既急需板面，又不能杜撰，只好大量购买快讯。美联社总裁汤姆•克里称，去年美联社纸质报纸的销量仅占总额的25%，较1985年下降30%。普雷根先生也说，在波斯湾这样的发展中区域，新电视台、网站、乃至报业大楼竞相拔地而起，足以弥补他们在别处的损失。
But if newswires are thriving and newspapers are making ever more use of wire copy, why don’t the wire services supply news direct to the consumer? The risk that newspapers will be disintermediated is noted in a new report by, of all people, the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. In some ways, it is already happening. Reuters and Bloomberg offer their top stories direct to consumers on advertising-financed websites.
但是，如果报纸里原封不动的快讯越来越多，新闻专线也蒸蒸日上，何不把快讯直接出售给读者？人们对此议论纷纷。其中，牛津大学路透新闻学研究所的报告提出了报纸被架空的可能。从某种程度上，这正变为现实。通过登陆某些靠广告盈利的网站，读者已经可以直接浏览路透社和彭博社的头条新闻。
And as more people consume news via smart-phones and other mobile devices, the newswires are providing it there, too. Norman Pearlstine, a senior Bloomberg executive, says the firm’s application for the Apple iPhone has been downloaded over a million times. Its service is free “for now”. AP, which is owned by its main subscribers, is treading carefully: it has struck deals with 1,200 American newspapers to create mobile websites, for which AP provides national and international news and they provide local news.
注意到越来越多的小灵通和其他移动设备正被用来阅读新闻，新闻专线也把触角伸向了那里。彭博社的高级执行主管诺曼•佩尔斯坦称，为阅读他们的新闻而下载苹果iPhone手机应用程序的人数已超过一百万次，且手机报是“暂时”免费的。美联社这一步则迈得比较谨慎，因为她的客户都是付费用户：在与1200家美国报社的协议下，双方将成立移动网站，美联社负责国内外新闻，报社提供当地消息。
Nobody yet knows which business model, if any, will work for mobile news. Mr Pearlstine notes that mobile users happily pay for a new ringtone, so why not for news? It is unclear how good news agencies will be at marketing direct to consumers. But as they continue building their worldwide news bureaus and providing more comprehensive coverage, they may be more likely to survive in the long term than those newspapers which, through constant rounds of cuts, risk becoming ever less distinctive.
不过，移动新闻这个商业模式究竟该怎么走，走不走得通，眼下还不甚明朗。佩尔斯坦先生指出，既然付费铃声能让移动用户买得心甘情愿，为什么新闻不能？即便我们不知道新闻机构的这种“直销”方式能创下多大业绩，但只要继续扩张世界各地的新闻网点、提供更加全面的报道，从长远看来，新闻机构就有可能挺过一波又一波的裁员之痛存活下来。至于那些报社，则可能慢慢淡出人们的视线，消失殆尽。
译者：hunt.lee1987 http://www.ecocn.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=17219&extra=page%3D1
2009年2月17日星期二
Oracle 1520错误时的对应方法
1. 查看oracle 启动时间
select version,startup_time,status from v$instance;
2. 查看当前所有大于1 的session
select count(*),program, machine,osuser from v$session group by program,machine,osuser having count(*) >1
select version,startup_time,status from v$instance;
2. 查看当前所有大于1 的session
select count(*),program, machine,osuser from v$session group by program,machine,osuser having count(*) >1
2009年2月15日星期日
安装gnu cash on Mac OSX (mac intel)
First , we will encounter with gettext not found error during the configure
of the gnu cash.
Step1: configure: error: GNU gettext tools not found; required for intltool
curl -O ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.17.tar.gz
tar xzpf gettext-0.17.tar.gz
cd gettext-0.17
./configure
sudo make
sudo make install
Step2: configure: error: Could not find the pkg-config (or pkgconfig) program.
http://pkgconfig.darwinports.com/
在安装完DarwinMacPorts 的一个 镜像 MacPorts 软件之后，
1. 执行 sudo /opt/local/bin/port -d selfupdate
2. sudo /opt/local/bin/port install pkgconfig
Apple:~ Reinhard$ sudo /opt/local/bin/port install pkgconfig
---> Fetching pkgconfig
---> Attempting to fetch pkg-config-0.23.tar.gz from http://distfiles.macports.org/pkgconfig
---> Verifying checksum(s) for pkgconfig
---> Extracting pkgconfig
---> Configuring pkgconfig
---> Building pkgconfig
---> Staging pkgconfig into destroot
---> Installing pkgconfig @0.23_1
---> Activating pkgconfig @0.23_1
---> Cleaning pkgconfig
--确认安装路径
-- 修改PATH使得 pkg-config 位于搜索路径之中
Apple:~ Reinhard$ export PATH=$PATH:/opt/local/bin
Apple:~ Reinhard$ echo $PATH
/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin:/opt/local/bin
[无关参考 http://www.javaeye.com/topic/101665]
3. GLIB on Mac OS X
下载地址http://www.gtk-osx.org/
GTK2.14 Framework
放弃
of the gnu cash.
Step1: configure: error: GNU gettext tools not found; required for intltool
curl -O ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.17.tar.gz
tar xzpf gettext-0.17.tar.gz
cd gettext-0.17
./configure
sudo make
sudo make install
Step2: configure: error: Could not find the pkg-config (or pkgconfig) program.
http://pkgconfig.darwinports.com/
在安装完DarwinMacPorts 的一个 镜像 MacPorts 软件之后，
1. 执行 sudo /opt/local/bin/port -d selfupdate
2. sudo /opt/local/bin/port install pkgconfig
Apple:~ Reinhard$ sudo /opt/local/bin/port install pkgconfig
---> Fetching pkgconfig
---> Attempting to fetch pkg-config-0.23.tar.gz from http://distfiles.macports.org/pkgconfig
---> Verifying checksum(s) for pkgconfig
---> Extracting pkgconfig
---> Configuring pkgconfig
---> Building pkgconfig
---> Staging pkgconfig into destroot
---> Installing pkgconfig @0.23_1
---> Activating pkgconfig @0.23_1
---> Cleaning pkgconfig
--确认安装路径
-- 修改PATH使得 pkg-config 位于搜索路径之中
Apple:~ Reinhard$ export PATH=$PATH:/opt/local/bin
Apple:~ Reinhard$ echo $PATH
/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin:/opt/local/bin
[无关参考 http://www.javaeye.com/topic/101665]
3. GLIB on Mac OS X
下载地址http://www.gtk-osx.org/
GTK2.14 Framework
放弃
练口语就练口语呗——干嘛非得不要脸？
作者：李笑来
不止一次，从不止一个人那里听到这种调调了：“练口语，就得不要脸！”我想，说“练口语，就得不要脸！”的人大抵上应该是出于好意，鼓励那些害怕出错的人——但，好意不一定带来好的结果，这叫“非故意之败局”（“unintended consequences”——罗伯特•莫顿先生打造的词汇）。原本刚刚开始说外语的时候发音难以接近正常水准不是再正常不过的事儿么？也就是说，作为一个外语学习者，在相当长一段时间里肯定说的不好，这事儿根本就不丢人，不丢脸！有谁一开始就说得好呢？自己不要脸就罢了，还让别人跟着不要脸是不对的。把原本一点都不丢脸的事儿楞说成非常丢脸的事儿，然后再告诉人家不要怕丢脸，这根本就不是恰当的鼓励。一个人决定“不要脸”是他自己的事儿。自己“不要脸”，然后再劝别人也“不要脸”就很奇怪了——尤其在“不要脸”其实根本没用、甚至有害的情况下。
“不要脸”地“胡说”就可以提高、进步，这实际上是再荒谬不过的幻想，却真的流传太广，流毒太深。“不要脸”本身不会改善自己的发音、不会增加自己的词汇量、不会完善自己的语法熟练程度、不会增加自己的信息输入量；“不要脸”至多只增加了自己的垃圾输出量——不顾词汇是否用的正确、不顾语法是否错误、一味胡乱输出的同时全然忽略最重要的原则：“输出取决于输入”。学语言的最基本原则只不过一句话就可以概括：“积累正确使用量”。由于没有谁可以做到从一开始就完美，于是，这个原则可以暂时退而求其次：“积累尽量正确的使用量”。所以说学语言最怕“胡说”。刚开始说不好，就尽量模仿着说，说多到一定的程度，自然可以到达“可接受”之水平——没有人，或者说，只有很少人最终可以做到完美。但是要是竟然相信只要“不要脸”就可以了，那只能增加“胡乱使用量”——极其有害。
不一定非要跟外语的母语使用者（我们所说的“老外”）谈话才能够提高口语水平的。有机会与老外谈话，当然对语言学习有一定的帮助，但局限也非常明显：不是每一个老外都对你感兴趣的话题感兴趣的，也不是每个老外都恰好有能力了解你所了解的领域的。其实，练习口语最好的方法是最朴素的方法“朗读”。刚开始做不到很好地朗读，那就“跟读”。今天在这个所谓的“互联网”时代，网络上找得到的配有朗读音频的英文原版电子书浩瀚到看不完的地步，低年级学生看看《Harry Potter》，高年级学生读读Thomas Sowell的《Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy》，水平再高点的人可以研读一下Jacques Barzun的《From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present》……选择无穷多，基本上我们作为普通个体能够遇到的、愿意跟我们面对面交流的老外，其水平与这些作者来比，绝大多数情况下根本就是喜马拉雅山下的小沙粒而已。
人不能不要脸，练口语这事儿也没必要不要脸——因为说的不好本身根本就不丢脸。我觉得倒是应该劝诫大家改掉一个自己身上的真正的恶习——“嘲弄他人”。在学习上嘲弄他人尤其没道理[1] 。很多人之所以“害怕丢脸”是因为他自己有嘲弄他人的习惯。一般来说，一个人嘲弄他人往往是因为自己强于他人所以才觉得“有资本”去嘲弄；但在外语学习这件事儿上，人们非常诡异地在自己并不怎样高明的情况下乐衷于嘲弄他人——真是应了那句话“越差越牛逼”。我自己的英语发音不是很悦耳（尽管一直在改善，我总觉得我的改善速度比我身边所有的人都慢），即便我可以说的相当流利，但我从来没有心理压力。究其原因，只不过是因为我不是喜欢嘲弄他人的人，一我觉得那不对（因为谁都需要很长时间才能学好、做好），二我觉得那不厚道（谁没有出错的时候？谁没有做不好的时候？）；相反，我觉得鼓励他人才是美德，所以，当有人在嘲弄我的时候，我从来都不觉得那是我的错，是他们的错，是他们心智不成熟，是他们不知所以然，我为什么要为他们的错感到羞愧？
Footnotes:
1. 有些时候，有些人的想法实在是太滑稽，太荒谬，即便是在这种情况下，我们也可以做到“嘲弄那个滑稽荒谬的想法”，而不是嘲弄那个人。当然，真的有极少数的人实在太可恨，另当别论。
不止一次，从不止一个人那里听到这种调调了：“练口语，就得不要脸！”我想，说“练口语，就得不要脸！”的人大抵上应该是出于好意，鼓励那些害怕出错的人——但，好意不一定带来好的结果，这叫“非故意之败局”（“unintended consequences”——罗伯特•莫顿先生打造的词汇）。原本刚刚开始说外语的时候发音难以接近正常水准不是再正常不过的事儿么？也就是说，作为一个外语学习者，在相当长一段时间里肯定说的不好，这事儿根本就不丢人，不丢脸！有谁一开始就说得好呢？自己不要脸就罢了，还让别人跟着不要脸是不对的。把原本一点都不丢脸的事儿楞说成非常丢脸的事儿，然后再告诉人家不要怕丢脸，这根本就不是恰当的鼓励。一个人决定“不要脸”是他自己的事儿。自己“不要脸”，然后再劝别人也“不要脸”就很奇怪了——尤其在“不要脸”其实根本没用、甚至有害的情况下。
“不要脸”地“胡说”就可以提高、进步，这实际上是再荒谬不过的幻想，却真的流传太广，流毒太深。“不要脸”本身不会改善自己的发音、不会增加自己的词汇量、不会完善自己的语法熟练程度、不会增加自己的信息输入量；“不要脸”至多只增加了自己的垃圾输出量——不顾词汇是否用的正确、不顾语法是否错误、一味胡乱输出的同时全然忽略最重要的原则：“输出取决于输入”。学语言的最基本原则只不过一句话就可以概括：“积累正确使用量”。由于没有谁可以做到从一开始就完美，于是，这个原则可以暂时退而求其次：“积累尽量正确的使用量”。所以说学语言最怕“胡说”。刚开始说不好，就尽量模仿着说，说多到一定的程度，自然可以到达“可接受”之水平——没有人，或者说，只有很少人最终可以做到完美。但是要是竟然相信只要“不要脸”就可以了，那只能增加“胡乱使用量”——极其有害。
不一定非要跟外语的母语使用者（我们所说的“老外”）谈话才能够提高口语水平的。有机会与老外谈话，当然对语言学习有一定的帮助，但局限也非常明显：不是每一个老外都对你感兴趣的话题感兴趣的，也不是每个老外都恰好有能力了解你所了解的领域的。其实，练习口语最好的方法是最朴素的方法“朗读”。刚开始做不到很好地朗读，那就“跟读”。今天在这个所谓的“互联网”时代，网络上找得到的配有朗读音频的英文原版电子书浩瀚到看不完的地步，低年级学生看看《Harry Potter》，高年级学生读读Thomas Sowell的《Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy》，水平再高点的人可以研读一下Jacques Barzun的《From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present》……选择无穷多，基本上我们作为普通个体能够遇到的、愿意跟我们面对面交流的老外，其水平与这些作者来比，绝大多数情况下根本就是喜马拉雅山下的小沙粒而已。
人不能不要脸，练口语这事儿也没必要不要脸——因为说的不好本身根本就不丢脸。我觉得倒是应该劝诫大家改掉一个自己身上的真正的恶习——“嘲弄他人”。在学习上嘲弄他人尤其没道理[1] 。很多人之所以“害怕丢脸”是因为他自己有嘲弄他人的习惯。一般来说，一个人嘲弄他人往往是因为自己强于他人所以才觉得“有资本”去嘲弄；但在外语学习这件事儿上，人们非常诡异地在自己并不怎样高明的情况下乐衷于嘲弄他人——真是应了那句话“越差越牛逼”。我自己的英语发音不是很悦耳（尽管一直在改善，我总觉得我的改善速度比我身边所有的人都慢），即便我可以说的相当流利，但我从来没有心理压力。究其原因，只不过是因为我不是喜欢嘲弄他人的人，一我觉得那不对（因为谁都需要很长时间才能学好、做好），二我觉得那不厚道（谁没有出错的时候？谁没有做不好的时候？）；相反，我觉得鼓励他人才是美德，所以，当有人在嘲弄我的时候，我从来都不觉得那是我的错，是他们的错，是他们心智不成熟，是他们不知所以然，我为什么要为他们的错感到羞愧？
Footnotes:
1. 有些时候，有些人的想法实在是太滑稽，太荒谬，即便是在这种情况下，我们也可以做到“嘲弄那个滑稽荒谬的想法”，而不是嘲弄那个人。当然，真的有极少数的人实在太可恨，另当别论。
订阅：
博文 (Atom)
博文
